DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or indirect speech.

Direct Speech or Quoted speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called Direct Speech. Here what a person says appears with quotation marks ( “….” ) and should be words for word.

Example : She said, “ Today’s lesson is on presentations.” → this sentences using quotation mark

Indirect Speech or Reported Speech

Indirect speech sometime called reported speech doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

When reporting, speech the tenses usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past ( because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Example : Direct Speech : “ I’m going to the cinema”, he said.

Indirect Speech : He said that he was going to the cinema. → there is the addition of the word “THAT” in sentence.

The difference is only in the direct line there are quotation marks,while the indirect sentence there is no quotation marks.

TENSES CHANGES

As a rule when you report something, someone has said you go back a tense (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right).

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE

She said, “It is cold.” ↔ She said it was cold.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

She said, “I am teaching English online.” ↔ She said she was teaching English

online.

3. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I have been teaching English for ↔ She said she had been teaching English

seven years.” for seven years.

4. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

She said, “I have been on the web since 1999.”↔She said she had been on the web since

1999.

5. PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

She said, “I thought online yesterday.” ↔ She said she had taught online

yesterday.

6. PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” ↔ She said she had been teaching earlier.

7. PAST PERFECT PAST PEFECT

She said, “The lesson had already started ↔ She said lesson had already started when

when he arrived.” he arrived. (NO CHANGE)

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I would already been teaching for ↔She said I would already been teaching five minutes. for five minutes. (NO CHANGE

MODAL

Modal verb forms also sometimes change.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. WILL WOULD

She said, “I will teach English online ↔ She said she would teach English

tomorrow. online tomorrow.

2. CAN COULD

She said, “I can teach English online.” ↔ She said she could teach English online.

3. MUST HAD TO

She said, “I must have a computer teach ↔ She said she had to have a computer English online.” teach English online.

4. SHALL SHOULD

She said, “What shall we learn today?” ↔ She asked what we should learn

today.

5. MAY MIGHT

He told me, “You may leave us now” ↔ He told me that I might leave them

then.

NOTE : There is no change to could, would, should, might & ough to.

TIME CHANGE

If the reported sentences contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.

For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Expression of time if reported on a different day

· This ↔ That

· Today ↔ Yesterday

· These ↔ Those

· Now ↔ Then

· A week ago ↔ A week before

· Last weekend ↔ The weekend before last/

The previous weekend

· Here ↔ There

· Next week ↔ The following week

· Tomorrow ↔ The next

Akan tetapi kalau this,here,now dan sebagainya menunjuk pada benda.tempat atau waktu tertentu merupakan yang sekarang bagi si pembacanya pada waktu memberitakan, maka tiada perubahan kata sifat atau kata keterangan yang dilakukan dalam reported speech .

Example :

Direct : Andi said, “ This is my pen.”

Indirect : Andi said that this was his pen.

Source: http://lintangpuss.blogspot.com 

Asking for Information

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. 

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English.

1. What is this? 2. What is that? 3. What's this? 4. What's that? 5. What are these? 6. What are those? 7. Where is Mr. King? 8. Where is Ms. Knight? 9. Where's Johnny? 10. When's the movie? 11. When's lunch? 12. How is the food?

This is a table. That is a chair. It's a pen. It's an apple. These are pencils. Those are books. He is over there. She's (right) here. He's in the house. It's at 9:00. Lunch is at noon. It's delicious.

prepositional phrases

baiklah saya  kembali lagi dengan materi prepositional phrase, materi kali ini saya kutip dari blog lain , yaitu: http://donnayoung.org/english/grammar/prepositions.htm dan http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/prepositionalphrase.htm

thanks for them hohohoho

Prepositional Phrases

In a sentence prepositions show the relation of one word to another word. Prepositions require an object to complete them, typically a noun or a pronoun. A preposition and its object is called a prepositional phrase. 

The Prepositional Phrase: If a word in the table below does not have an object, then the word is not functioning as a preposition. 

Prepositions do not change form. 

Prepositions are not without evaluation challenges. For instance, a preposition paired with a verb is called a phrasal verb, a preposition can follow, rather than precede its object. 

At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.

The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it. These are the patterns for a prepositional phrase:

preposition + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

preposition + modifier(s) + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

Here are some examples of the most basic prepositional phrase:

At home

At = preposition; home = noun.

In time

In = preposition; time = noun.

From Richie

From = preposition; Richie = noun.

With me

With = preposition; me = pronoun.

By singing

By = preposition; singing = gerund.

About what we need

About = preposition; what we need = noun clause.

Most prepositional phrases are longer, like these:

From my grandmother

From = preposition; my = modifier; grandmother = noun.

Under the warm blanket

Under = preposition; the, warm = modifiers; blanket = noun.

In the weedy, overgrown garden

In = preposition; the, weedy, overgrown = modifiers; garden = noun.

Along the busy, six-lane highway

Along = preposition; the, busy, six-lane = modifiers; highway = noun.

Without excessively worrying

Without = preposition; excessively = modifier; worrying = gerund.

A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?

The words below can be used as a preposition in a prepositional phrase. 

about	below	in spite of	regarding
above	beneath	instead of	since
according to	beside	into	through
across	between	like	throughout
after	beyond	near	to
against	but (meaning except)	of	toward
along	by	off	under
amid	concerning	on	underneath
among	down	on account of	until
around	during	onto	up
at	except	out	upon
atop	for	out of	with
because of	from	outside	within
before	in	over	without
behind	inside	past

Vocabs: Shapes, Parts of Body

Baiklah saya mau mengupdate tentang Shapes and Part of body...
saya tidak lebih pintar jadi mari kita belajar bersama-sama...
FIGHTING ^^

SHAPES

=) Simple Straight Sided Shapes

Example :

:: Rectangle
:: Square 

:: Triangle

=) Simple Rounded Shapes

Example :

:: Circle                             

:: Oval

 

=) Types of Triangle
Example :

:: Equilateral Triangle

:: Isosceles Triangle

:: Rightangled Triangle

=) 3D Shapes

Example :

:: Cone

:: Cube

:: Cylinder

:: Pyramid

:: Rectangular

:: Prism
:: Sphere ]

=) Mathematical Shapes

Example :

:: Parallelogram

:: Pentagon-5 sides 

::Hexagon-6 sides

:: Octagen-8 sides 

=) Miscellaneous Shapes

Example :

:: Coffin, Diamond

:: Heart

:: Kite

:: Petal, Shell

:: Star

:: Teardrop

Part of Body

The Body (Tubuh)

1.Hair → Rambut

2.Head → Kepala

3.Neck → Leher

4.Throat → Tenggorokan

5.Shoulder → Bahu

6.Chest → Dada

7.Back → Punggung

8.Waist → Pinggung

9.Stomach/Tummy → Perut

10.Hip → Pinggul

11.Bottom → Pantat

12.Armpit → Ketiak

13.Arm → Lengan

14.Upper arm → Lengan Atas

15.Elbow → Siku

16.Forearm → Lengan Bawah

17.Wrist → Pergelangan Tangan

18.Fist → Kepalan Tangan

19.Hand → Tanagn

20.Palm → Tapak Tangan

21.Thumb → Ibu Jari

22.Finger → Jari Tangan

23.Nail → Kuku

24.Leg → Kaki

25.Thigh → Paha

26.Knee → Lutut

27.Calf → Betis

28.Ankle → Pergelangan Kaki

29.Foot → Kaki

30.Heel → Tumit

31.Instep → Kura-Kura Kaki

32.Sole → Tapak Kaki

33.Toes → Jari Kaki  

The Skeleton (Rangka Manusia)

1.Skull → Tengkorak

2.Collar-bone → Tulang Selangka

3.Shoulder-blade → Tulang Belikat

4.Ribs → Tulang Rusuk

5.Backbone/Spine → Tulang Belakang / Punggung

6.Breastbone → Tulang dada

7.Hip-bone/Pelvis → Tulang pinggul

8.Kneecap → Tulang Tempurung Kepala 

The Face (Wajah)

1.Eye → Mata

2.Noise → Hidung

3.Ear → Telinga

4.Mouth → Mulut

5.Cheek → Pipi

6.Chin → Dagu

7.Temple → Pelipis

8.Forehead/Brow → Dahi/Kenig

9.Jaw → Rahang

10.Moustache → Kumis

11.Beard → Janggut

12.Tooth → Gigi

13.Lip → Bibir

14.Tongue → Lidah

THE EYE (MATA)

1.Eyeball → Bola Mata

2.Eyebrow → Alis Mata

3.Eyelid → Kelopak Mata

4.Eyelashes → Bulu Mata

5.Pupil → Manik Mata

6.Iris → Selaput Pelangi

THE INSIDES (ORGAN DALAM)

1.Brain → Otak

2.Windpipe → Batang Tenggorokan

3.Heart → Jantung

4.Lung → Paru-Paru

5.Liver → Hati

6.Kidney → Ginjal

7.Intestines → Usus

8.Bladder → Kandung Kemis

9.Vein → Pembuluh Balik

10.Artery → Pembuluh Nadi

11.Muscle → Otot

Source_ http://e-primbonauliya.blogspot.com

Present tense

The simple present is used:

-to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes: I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)

 -to give instructions or directions:
You walk  for two hundred meters, then you turn left.

-to express fixed arrangements, present or future:
Your exam starts at 09.00

 

Examples:

•For habits
He drinks  tea at breakfast.
She only eats  fish.

•For repeated actions or events
We catch  the bus every morning.
It rains  every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive  to Monaco every summer.

•For general truths
The Earth revolves around the Sun.

•For instructions or directions
Open the packet and pour  the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

•For  fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March

VERBAL SENTENCE

Affirmative Form

S +V1(-s/-es) +Object

NEGATIVE FORM
S+ do/does+ not+ V1+ object

INTERROGATIVE FORM
Do/does+ S+ V1+ Object?

B. NON VERBAL SENTENCE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
S+ to be(am/is/are)+ noun/adjective/adverb
NEGATIVE FORM
S+ to be+ not+ noun/adjective/adverb
INTERROGATIVE FORM
To be+ S+ noun/adjective/adverb

 

Past Tense

Definition of Past Tense :

Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.

Past tense is used :

:: When the speaker thinks of an activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past .

:: For a non-fact in the present or future  time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.

Example : f I had the money now,I’d buy a car .

=) To refer a single event on the past .

Example : I called Mary last night .

=) The past habitual action .

Example : We went to school together,and we shared many experinces .

The Simple Past Tense :

Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.

Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc

=) Simple past for regular verbs is added by- ed to the root of a word .

Example : Ryeowook sleep at the beach yesterday .

=) A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form .

Example : Ryeowook did not sleep at the beach yesterday .

Question sentence are started with did as in Did  Ryeowook sleep at the beach yesterday ?

Verbal

There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :

( + ) Subject + verb II + complement

( -  ) Subject + did not + verb I + complement

( ?  ) Did + subject + verb I ?

Nominal

( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object

( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object

( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?

Past Continuonus Tense

Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.

As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at  the specified time.

The Pattern :

( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement

(  - ) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement

( ? ) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

The Pattern :

( + ) Subject + had + verb III + complement

( – ) Subject + had not + verb III + complement

( ? ) Had + subject + verb III + complement ?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense is like the past perfect tense ,but it  expresses longer actions in the past.

The Pattern :

( + ) Subject + Had + been + verb –ing + complement

( -  ) Subject + Had + not + been + verb-ing + complement

( ? ) Had + subject + been + verb –ing + complement ?

Source: http://e-primbonauliya.blogspot.com 

Narrative

NARRATIVE TEXT

Definition of Narrative text:

A text that tells a real or imaginary story. It is included in the story genre.

The generic structures of narrative text are:

·        -Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the participants (it answers the questions; Who, What, When and Where)

·        -Complication : A crisis or a problem arises. It usually involves the main characters.

·        -Resolution:  Solving problems. The contents of the story, can end up with joy (happy ending) or could also end up with sadness (sad ending).

·        -Reorietiation (optional) :  The change which happens to the participants and the lessons we can learn from the story.

Linguistic features :

1. Use active verbs.

2. Use past tense.

3. Use conjunction.

4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).

5. Use specific nouns.

        6. Use adjective and adverbs

Some kind of Narrative text:

·        -Fables which tend to be folk tales with a moral message in it

·        -Sage is a story of heroism

·        -Myth is more directed to stories related to local beliefs about something.

·        -Legend is a story about the origin of a place.

·        -etc.

Cinderella

Once upon a time there was a girl called Cinderella. She lived with her stepsisters. They were very bossy. They made Cinderella do all the housework.One day an invitation to the ball came to the family. Her stepsisters would not let her go. Cinderella was sad because she wanted to go to the ball too. Her stepsisters went to the ball without her.Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and helped her to get to the ball. At the ball, Cinderella dance with the prince. The prince fell in love with her then married her. They lived happily ever after.

 

Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: He has arrived. Now he is here. This holds true for events that have just been secluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred.

Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form:

—  -Yesung have arrived.

                A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has:

—  -Yesung  have not arrived.

                Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has:

—   -Has Yesung arrived?